Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional enrichment of C. albicans gene expression after treatment with iron, caspofungin, or both. Enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes. Only enriched categories (FDR < 0.05 and fold enrichment > 2) are represented. The size and color of the circles represent the number of genes associated with each term and FDR, respectively.

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Gene Expression

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Caspofungin affects iron homeostasis. ( A ) Heatmap depicting C. albicans genes related to the subcategory of iron homeostasis, which were differentially expressed under Fe, CAS, or Fe + CAS conditions. For each condition, the log 2 fold change (log 2 FC) of the selected transcripts is indicated using a color code. Genes significantly upregulated (log 2 FC > 1) or downregulated (log 2 FC < –1) in response to Fe, CAS, or Fe + CAS (treated versus untreated conditions) are shaded in red or blue, respectively. Asterisks (*) mark genes differentially expressed with FDR < 0.3 and/or log 2 CPM > 1.3 and therefore do not meet the more stringent criteria of log₂FC > 1, log 2 CPM > 3, and FDR < 0.05 and are not listed in . The complete data set is available at NCBI GEO under accession number GSE280500 . S. cerevisiae gene names were used whenever a C. albicans gene name was not assigned. ( B ) The iron content of C. albicans SC5314 cells left untreated (Control) or treated overnight with Fe, CAS, or both (Fe + CAS) was determined by ICP-AES. Significance of differences was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (**** P < 0.0001; n.s. not significant). ( C ) Growth of S. cerevisiae wild type (wt, BY4742), Δ ccc1 , Δ fks1, and Δ fks1ccc1 strains on SC agar plates (Control) containing Fe (5 mM), CAS (0.03 µg/mL), or Fe + CAS, for 3 days at 30°C.

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sit1 affects caspofungin efficacy against yeast. ( A ) Structural similarity between caspofungin and cyclic hexapeptides hydroxamate siderophores. ( B ) Growth of C. albicans wt (CAF2-1) and ΔΔ sit1 mutant strains on SC agar plates (Control) containing 0.4 µM caspofungin (CAS), for 48 h or 5 days (CAS *) at 30°C. Growth of S. cerevisiae wt (YPH499) and Δ arn1-4 mutant strains on SC agar plates (Control) containing 0.1 µM caspofungin (CAS), for 48 h at 30°C. ( C ) C. albicans cells were left untreated (Control) or treated with 0.375 µg/mL caspofungin (CAS) for 3 h and plated on YPD agar plates for CFU count. Significance of differences was calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (*** P < 0.001; * P < 0.05). ( D ) Growth of S. cerevisiae wt (YPH499) and Δ arn1-4 mutant strains transformed with a plasmid containing the CaSIT1 gene under the control of ScPGK1 promoter (p PGK-SIT1 ) or with the empty vector (v) on SC-ura agar plates (Control) containing the indicated concentrations of caspofungin (CAS), for 48 h at 30°C.

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Control, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synthesis of fluorescent FAM-labeled caspofungin (CAS-FAM) (1). Reagents and conditions: (a) Boc 2 O, dioxane/H 2 O (1:1), room temperature, 48 h, 89%; (b) propargyl bromide, Cs 2 CO 3 , DMF, room temperature, 14 h, 67%; (c) fluorescein azide, 2,2′-bipyridine, CuI, sodium ascorbate, DMF, room temperature, 4 h, 77%; (d) 37% HCl, H 2 O/isopropyl alcohol (1:3, vol/vol), 2 h, room temperature, 85%.

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sit1 mediates the uptake of CAS-FAM. ( A ) Growth of caspofungin-sensitive ( C. albicans SC5314, laboratory strain) and resistant strains ( Ca BS1, Ca BS2, and Ca 13-514) on SC agar plates containing 0.4 µM caspofungin (CAS) or 4 µM CAS-FAM, after 24 h at 30°C. ( B ) Growth of S. cerevisiae wt (YPH499) and Δ arn1-4 mutant strains transformed with a plasmid containing the CaSIT1 gene under the control of ScPGK1 promoter (p PGK-SIT1 ) or with the empty vector (v) on SC-ura agar plates (Control) containing the indicated concentrations of CAS-FAM, after 48 h at 30°C. ( C ) Quantification of the intracellular fluorescence levels of S. cerevisiae cells left untreated (Control) or treated with 1 µM CAS-FAM for 1 h. Significance of differences was calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (**** P < 0.0001; ** P < 0.01). ( D ) Quantification of the intracellular fluorescence levels of S. cerevisiae Δ arn1-4 cells transformed with p PGK- SIT1 left untreated (Control) or treated with 1 µM CAS-FAM (CAS-FAM), 500 µM FeSO 4 (Fe), or both (Fe + CAS FAM) for 1 h was measured. Significance of differences was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (**** P < 0.0001; ** P < 0.01). ( E ) Fluorescence microscopy images of S. cerevisiae wt cells transformed with p PGK- SIT1 treated with 1.5 µM CAS-FAM (+ CAS FAM) for 1.5 h. Scale bar: 5 μm; arrow heads: vacuoles, BF: bright field. ( F ) Quantification of fluorescence microscopy images of cells treated with 1.5 µM CAS-FAM (CAS-FAM) for 1.5 h, either alone or in combination with 10 µM ferrichrome (CAS-FAM + FC). At least 100 cells were analyzed per condition. Significance of differences was calculated using Student’s T-test (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Control, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Article Title: The siderophore transporter Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin by Candida albicans

doi: 10.1128/aac.01236-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sit1 is involved in the uptake of caspofungin in C. albicans . ( A ) The accumulation of caspofungin in C. albicans wt (CAF2-1) and ΔΔ sit1 cells grown in iron-depleted medium (supplemented with 300 µM of the iron chelator BPS) or iron-replete medium and treated with 1 µg/mL caspofungin for 2 h was measured by LC-MS (**** P < 0.0001; *** P < 0.001). ( B ) The iron content of C. albicans wt (CAF2-1) and ΔΔ sit1 cells left untreated (Control) or treated overnight with 5 mM FeSO 4 (Fe), 0.375 µg/mL caspofungin (CAS), or both (Fe + CAS) was determined by ICP-AES. Significance of differences was calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (**** P < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: Cell suspensions were evenly spread onto SC agar plates, and caspofungin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Test Strips (Liofilchem) were placed on the center of the plate using sterile tweezers.

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Control

Journal: Microbial Biotechnology

Article Title: Structure–Antimicrobial Activity Relationships of Recombinant Host Defence Peptides Against Drug‐Resistant Bacteria

doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70204

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Relationship between computed average context‐dependent lipophilicity versus (left) average reduction of colony‐forming units (log10 cfu/mL) and (right) average minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μM) of Gram‐positive strains (MSSA, MRSA, and MRSE). The r represents the Pearson correlation coefficient. The p values of the correlations are 0.04 and 0.19 with a 95% confidence interval, respectively. (b) Relationship between computed amphipathicity versus (left) average reduction of colony‐forming units (log10 cfu/mL) and (right) average minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μM) of Gram‐positive strains (MSSA, MRSA, and MRSE). The r represents the Pearson correlation coefficient. The p values of the correlations are 0.04 and 0.07, respectively.

Article Snippet: A broad screening bactericidal assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) analyses were performed on methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, ATCC‐3556), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC‐33592), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE, ATCC‐35984) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC‐10145).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Microbial Biotechnology

Article Title: Structure–Antimicrobial Activity Relationships of Recombinant Host Defence Peptides Against Drug‐Resistant Bacteria

doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70204

Figure Lengend Snippet: (a) Representation of alcoholic side chain amino acids (ROH AAs = Ser and Thr) in the bioactive regions of the first generation recombinant HDPs. (b) Relationship between the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μM) against Gram‐negative MDR P. aeruginosa and (left) the number ( n ) of alcoholic side chain amino acids (ROH AAs = Ser and Thr) and (right) the number of alcoholic side chain amino acids corrected by SASA fraction (n SASA ). In the graph to the left, a linear model was modelled to fit the data, while on the right, an exponential decay where α ~2.43, ln (MIC) min ~ 0.21, ln (MIC) max ~ 2.42 according to the best fit. The root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) is calculated relative to the experimental values of ln (MIC) assuming a linear (left) and exponential decay model (right). The r represents the Pearson correlation coefficient (left) and ρ the Spearman correlation (right). The p values of the correlations are 0.06 and 0.05, respectively.

Article Snippet: A broad screening bactericidal assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) analyses were performed on methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, ATCC‐3556), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC‐33592), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE, ATCC‐35984) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC‐10145).

Techniques: Recombinant, Concentration Assay

Journal: Microbial Biotechnology

Article Title: Structure–Antimicrobial Activity Relationships of Recombinant Host Defence Peptides Against Drug‐Resistant Bacteria

doi: 10.1111/1751-7915.70204

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, μM) of HDPs produced as single molecules (filled red circles) and combined in the same polypeptide sequence (filled black triangles) against MRSE.

Article Snippet: A broad screening bactericidal assay and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) analyses were performed on methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, ATCC‐3556), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, ATCC‐33592), methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE, ATCC‐35984) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC‐10145).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Produced, Sequencing